Punctuation
Punctuation is use of certain marks or signs called stops .
The main kinds of punctuation are :
1- The full stop ( . )
2- The colon (:)
3-The semicolon ( ; )
4-The comma ( , )
5- The question mark (?)
6- The exclamation mark (!)
7- The dash ( ー)
8- Quotation mark ( << >> )
9- The apostrophe ( ＇)
10- The hyphen (-)
11- Brackets ( )
12-Dots (...)
1) The full stop: (.)
It is used in these cases .
*At the end of the sentence .
Ex : I come to school every day .
*After abbreviations , M.A.D.Sc.U.S.A.
*For decimal points in numbers. 305-45, 4.
2) The colon : ( : )
* To introduce a direct statement as He said : (I am late) .
*To introduce a list of details .
The best work of Shakespeare :( Hamlet , King , Othello , Romeo and Juliet) .
* Between two complet sentence not joined by conjunction .
This is the doctor: he has treated many people .
3) The semicolon:(;)
*To separate long coordinate clauses, especially when conjunctions are absent.
Ex : When I met my friend at school yesterday at exactly six o'clock; he was greatly sad as he lost his pen.
*To distinguish coordinate clauses joined by conjunctions that express opposition.
Ex : Eat more fruit; otherwise, you will regret it.
*To separate coordinate clauses, when these contain parts of their own marked off by comma
4) The comma: (,)
*To mark off the vocative
Ex: Ali, come here if you please.
*To mark phrases in the absolute construction.
Ex: The sun having risen, they continued their journey.
*To mark off a short direct question
( It is the wolf ), cried Ali (open the door ).
*To mark off phrases in apposition.
Shakespeare, the dramatist, was a great poet.
*To mark off any series of coordinate words or groups of words not joined by conjunctions.
Ex: Jack, ( said he ), father and mother, eight boys, nine girls, ten ladies and grandmother.
*To indicate ellipsis.
Ex: He will go to Europe, and I, to America.
*To mark off adverb clauses.
Ex: If you come to school, I shall help you.
*To mark off rhetorical effect.
Ex: In the name of the prophet,figs.
*To mark off noun, defining relative clauses.
Ex: Ahmed who is tired, cannot come to school.
*To mark off a series of noun clauses or adjective clauses.
Ex: I do not know where he did it . When he did it or why he did it.
*To mark off coordinate clauses, unless these are very short.
Ex: I do not know where he had lift it, because I am very tired.
5) The question mark: (?)
*At the end of a direct question.
Ex: Where did he go ?
*After each separate question in a series of questions.
Ex: When did he come ?
Why did he come ?
How did he come ?
6) The exclamation mark: (!)
*After the vocative case.
O World!
O Time !
I've had it with your lies!
*After interjection and exclamatory.
Ex: Alas! I have lost my parents.
7) The dash: (—)
*To mark summaries a multiple.
Ex: He had ships men, soldiers and all men of nations —all were his.
*For rhetorical effect.
Ex: And this great man is criticized by—you.
*Instead of brackets to mark parenthesis.
Ex: She was the only daughter —girl of seventeen years of age —who married —this prince.
*Before an echo word.
Ex: She dwells with beauty —beauty that must die.
8) The quotation mark: (« » )
*It is used to denote direct speech.
Ex: He said, « I am very happy this year ».
*To introduce a quotation.
Ex: He follows her as the proverb says, « look before you leap ».
*In the title of books, plays or novels.
Ex: Shakespeare play « Hamlet » is a great tragedy.
9) The apostrophe: (ߴ)
*It is used to show, the omission of some words or letters.
Ex: It's hot today.
10) The hyphen: (-)
*It is used to form compound nouns.
Ex: Father-in law.
Boat-house.
Brother-in law.
*To divide words into syllables.
Ex: Un-happy.
Know-ledge.
11) Brackets: ( )
*They are used to enclose parenthesis.
Ex: He got form here ( all he wished) a kiss.
12) Dots: (...)
* They are used for a broken sentence.
Ex: He helped her to.......
8- Quotation mark ( << >> )
9- The apostrophe ( ＇)
10- The hyphen (-)
11- Brackets ( )
12-Dots (...)
1) The full stop: (.)
It is used in these cases .
*At the end of the sentence .
Ex : I come to school every day .
*After abbreviations , M.A.D.Sc.U.S.A.
*For decimal points in numbers. 305-45, 4.
2) The colon : ( : )
* To introduce a direct statement as He said : (I am late) .
*To introduce a list of details .
The best work of Shakespeare :( Hamlet , King , Othello , Romeo and Juliet) .
* Between two complet sentence not joined by conjunction .
This is the doctor: he has treated many people .
3) The semicolon:(;)
*To separate long coordinate clauses, especially when conjunctions are absent.
Ex : When I met my friend at school yesterday at exactly six o'clock; he was greatly sad as he lost his pen.
*To distinguish coordinate clauses joined by conjunctions that express opposition.
Ex : Eat more fruit; otherwise, you will regret it.
*To separate coordinate clauses, when these contain parts of their own marked off by comma
4) The comma: (,)
*To mark off the vocative
Ex: Ali, come here if you please.
*To mark phrases in the absolute construction.
Ex: The sun having risen, they continued their journey.
*To mark off a short direct question
( It is the wolf ), cried Ali (open the door ).
*To mark off phrases in apposition.
Shakespeare, the dramatist, was a great poet.
*To mark off any series of coordinate words or groups of words not joined by conjunctions.
Ex: Jack, ( said he ), father and mother, eight boys, nine girls, ten ladies and grandmother.
*To indicate ellipsis.
Ex: He will go to Europe, and I, to America.
*To mark off adverb clauses.
Ex: If you come to school, I shall help you.
*To mark off rhetorical effect.
Ex: In the name of the prophet,figs.
*To mark off noun, defining relative clauses.
Ex: Ahmed who is tired, cannot come to school.
*To mark off a series of noun clauses or adjective clauses.
Ex: I do not know where he did it . When he did it or why he did it.
*To mark off coordinate clauses, unless these are very short.
Ex: I do not know where he had lift it, because I am very tired.
5) The question mark: (?)
*At the end of a direct question.
Ex: Where did he go ?
*After each separate question in a series of questions.
Ex: When did he come ?
Why did he come ?
How did he come ?
6) The exclamation mark: (!)
*After the vocative case.
O World!
O Time !
I've had it with your lies!
*After interjection and exclamatory.
Ex: Alas! I have lost my parents.
7) The dash: (—)
*To mark summaries a multiple.
Ex: He had ships men, soldiers and all men of nations —all were his.
*For rhetorical effect.
Ex: And this great man is criticized by—you.
*Instead of brackets to mark parenthesis.
Ex: She was the only daughter —girl of seventeen years of age —who married —this prince.
*Before an echo word.
Ex: She dwells with beauty —beauty that must die.
8) The quotation mark: (« » )
*It is used to denote direct speech.
Ex: He said, « I am very happy this year ».
*To introduce a quotation.
Ex: He follows her as the proverb says, « look before you leap ».
*In the title of books, plays or novels.
Ex: Shakespeare play « Hamlet » is a great tragedy.
9) The apostrophe: (ߴ)
*It is used to show, the omission of some words or letters.
Ex: It's hot today.
10) The hyphen: (-)
*It is used to form compound nouns.
Ex: Father-in law.
Boat-house.
Brother-in law.
*To divide words into syllables.
Ex: Un-happy.
Know-ledge.
11) Brackets: ( )
*They are used to enclose parenthesis.
Ex: He got form here ( all he wished) a kiss.
12) Dots: (...)
* They are used for a broken sentence.
Ex: He helped her to.......
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