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    Reported speech  is how we represent the speech of other people or what we ourselves say. When we use reported speech , we report: 1- Statements 2- Questions  3- Commands / Requests 4- Other types 1) Reporting statements: When reporting statements, check if you have to change. A) Pronouns  B) Tense  C) Time and Place  A) Pronouns: Direct : She says to me «  My  brother  loves the football». Reported : she says me that  her  brother loves the football. Notice: The pronouns are changed according to the sense. B) Tense:                                              If the sentence starts in present, there is no change  in tense. If the sentence starts in the past...

Punctuation  is use of certain marks or signs called stops . The main kinds of punctuation are :  1- The full stop ( . ) 2- The colon (:)  3-The semicolon ( ; ) 4-The comma ( , ) 5- The question mark (?)  6- The exclamation mark (!)  7- The dash ( ー) 8- Quotation mark ( << >> ) 9- The apostrophe ( ＇) 10- The hyphen (-) 11- Brackets ( ) 12-Dots (...) 1) The full stop: (.) It is used in these cases . *At the end of the sentence . Ex : I come to school every day . *After abbreviations , M.A.D.Sc.U.S.A. *For decimal points in numbers. 305-45, 4. 2) The colon : ( : )  * To introduce a direct statement as He said : (I am late) . *To introduce a list of details .  The best work of Shakespeare :( Hamlet , King , Othello , Romeo and Juliet) . * Between two complet sentence not joined by conjunction . This is the doctor: he has treated many people . 3) The semicolon:(;) *To separate long coordinate clauses,...

Prepositions are words to show the relation between a noun and another word in a sentence . Ex : He sits at home .  Prepositions have many uses . They can express place , time or any relation with word . * Prepositions of time: 1- In It   is used with the names of months and seasons. It is also used with parts of day or night in general sense. Ex:   -  He will come in may. - She was born in 1962. - I eat in the evening . 2- On It  is used with the days of the week and the days of the month.  Ex:  - I see you on May. -  He went out on five the July. 3- At It   is used to indicate a definite time as hours, minutes and with noon, night and midnight.  Ex:  - He plays at six o'clock.  - She prays at noon. - He came at night.  - She slept at midnight.  4- Till It is used for future time. Ex: He will play till midnight.  5- After It  is used for a certain period. Ex: He...

The past perfect is used to clarify   the order of two past actions the past perfect and the second uses the simple past .  This is the rule of the past perfect : subject + had + past participle of the main verb Affirmative form I had worked You had worked He/She/It had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked Negative form I had not ( hadn't )  worked You had not worked He/She/It had not worked  We had not worked  You had not worked They had not worked Interrogative form had I worked ...? had you worked ...? had he/she/it worked ...? had we  worked ...? had you worked ...? had they worked ...? Example : They had finished their homework when I called them . Before he entered , he had shut the door . They had gone for the trip when you reached them .

Modales are speciel  verbs in the English language . They are different from normal verbs like cook , play , visit , extc . They give additional information about the Function the main verb . + Use of Modals :                                                                 Modals are used to express Functions like : -           Permission -           Ability -           Obligation -           Prohibition -           Necessity - ...

There are 2 types of infinitive : 1- infinitive with " to " 2-infinitive without " to " Example: 1- Governments should help youths perform their potentials . 2- Governments should help youths to perform their potentials .  * Some expressions followed by " gerund". can't stand , can't resist , love , feel like , prefer , avoid , continue , suggest , hate , start , enjoy... * Some expressions followed by "gerund or infinitive + TO". continue , begin , easy , remember , love , agree , manage , refuse , permit , ask ... * Some expressions followed by " infinitive without TO". let , help , should , may , will , could , must , had , better ,can , might , recommend , let's .

        PHRASAL VERBS Phrasal verbs are mainly  used in spoken English and informal  texts . Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle ( preposition/ adverb ) . The particle can change the meaning of the verbs completely. Position of the particle ;  in some cases , the particle is placed either after the verbs or after the object . However; if the object is a pronoun, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun . Example: * Write the word dawn * Write it dawn * Take it off  A list of some phrasal verbs : Bring on = Appear Catch up = Make up for last time Find out = Discover Get away = Escape Look after = Take care of sb Take off = Leave / Remove

 CULTURE SOME DEFINITIONS Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Culture is communication, communication is culture. Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behaviour; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behaviour through social learning. A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviours, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. Culture is symbolic co...