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    Reported speech  is how we represent the speech of other people or what we ourselves say. When we use reported speech , we report: 1- Statements 2- Questions  3- Commands / Requests 4- Other types 1) Reporting statements: When reporting statements, check if you have to change. A) Pronouns  B) Tense  C) Time and Place  A) Pronouns: Direct : She says to me «  My  brother  loves the football». Reported : she says me that  her  brother loves the football. Notice: The pronouns are changed according to the sense. B) Tense:                                              If the sentence starts in present, there is no change  in tense. If the sentence starts in the past...

Punctuation  is use of certain marks or signs called stops . The main kinds of punctuation are :  1- The full stop ( . ) 2- The colon (:)  3-The semicolon ( ; ) 4-The comma ( , ) 5- The question mark (?)  6- The exclamation mark (!)  7- The dash ( ー) 8- Quotation mark ( << >> ) 9- The apostrophe ( ＇) 10- The hyphen (-) 11- Brackets ( ) 12-Dots (...) 1) The full stop: (.) It is used in these cases . *At the end of the sentence . Ex : I come to school every day . *After abbreviations , M.A.D.Sc.U.S.A. *For decimal points in numbers. 305-45, 4. 2) The colon : ( : )  * To introduce a direct statement as He said : (I am late) . *To introduce a list of details .  The best work of Shakespeare :( Hamlet , King , Othello , Romeo and Juliet) . * Between two complet sentence not joined by conjunction . This is the doctor: he has treated many people . 3) The semicolon:(;) *To separate long coordinate clauses,...

Prepositions are words to show the relation between a noun and another word in a sentence . Ex : He sits at home .  Prepositions have many uses . They can express place , time or any relation with word . * Prepositions of time: 1- In It   is used with the names of months and seasons. It is also used with parts of day or night in general sense. Ex:   -  He will come in may. - She was born in 1962. - I eat in the evening . 2- On It  is used with the days of the week and the days of the month.  Ex:  - I see you on May. -  He went out on five the July. 3- At It   is used to indicate a definite time as hours, minutes and with noon, night and midnight.  Ex:  - He plays at six o'clock.  - She prays at noon. - He came at night.  - She slept at midnight.  4- Till It is used for future time. Ex: He will play till midnight.  5- After It  is used for a certain period. Ex: He...

The past perfect is used to clarify   the order of two past actions the past perfect and the second uses the simple past .  This is the rule of the past perfect : subject + had + past participle of the main verb Affirmative form I had worked You had worked He/She/It had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked Negative form I had not ( hadn't )  worked You had not worked He/She/It had not worked  We had not worked  You had not worked They had not worked Interrogative form had I worked ...? had you worked ...? had he/she/it worked ...? had we  worked ...? had you worked ...? had they worked ...? Example : They had finished their homework when I called them . Before he entered , he had shut the door . They had gone for the trip when you reached them .

Modales are speciel  verbs in the English language . They are different from normal verbs like cook , play , visit , extc . They give additional information about the Function the main verb . + Use of Modals :                                                                 Modals are used to express Functions like : -           Permission -           Ability -           Obligation -           Prohibition -           Necessity - ...

There are 2 types of infinitive : 1- infinitive with " to " 2-infinitive without " to " Example: 1- Governments should help youths perform their potentials . 2- Governments should help youths to perform their potentials .  * Some expressions followed by " gerund". can't stand , can't resist , love , feel like , prefer , avoid , continue , suggest , hate , start , enjoy... * Some expressions followed by "gerund or infinitive + TO". continue , begin , easy , remember , love , agree , manage , refuse , permit , ask ... * Some expressions followed by " infinitive without TO". let , help , should , may , will , could , must , had , better ,can , might , recommend , let's .